System Transparency, Data Provenance & Attributions
Complete technical disclosure of architecture tiers, dependency licensing, data classification, and statutory benchmarks.
1. Four-Tier Engineering Architecture
Designed around an ESP32-S3 microcontroller (dual Xtensa LX7 @ 240MHz) with hardware floating-point acceleration. Integrates a BNO085 3-axis inclinometer (0.01° tilt resolution), a TI ADS1220 24-bit delta-sigma ADC for vibrating wire strain gauges, and a Murata piezoelectric geophone for microseismic acoustic emissions.
Accepts compact 20-byte binary packets over sub-GHz LoRaWAN gateways forwarded to the Next.js HTTPS ingestion route (`/api/telemetry/ingest`). Uses strict Zod contract validation, CRC-16 checksum verification, and idempotent deduplication.
Combines running Median Absolute Deviation (MAD), robust Z-scores, and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) filters to eliminate transient blasting vibration false alarms. Applies Pearson inter-station spatial correlation across neighboring sensor nodes.
Provides 14 operational surveillance views, a Canvas 2D vector GIS displaying cadastral mine panels and surface railways, Web Audio emergency sirens, and statutory shift handover logs compliant with DGMS CMR 2017 Regulation 112.
2. Data Classification & Truthfulness Matrix
To prevent synthetic or demonstrative data from being misinterpreted as physical colliery measurements, every piece of information is strictly classified:
| Classification | Badge | Definition & Operational Meaning | Examples in Current Build |
|---|---|---|---|
| LIVE | LIVE SENSING | Data transmitted directly from physical hardware stations through `/api/telemetry/ingest` in real-time. | Hardware bench tests • Live ESP32-S3 test link |
| SIMULATED | SIMULATED | Deterministic PRNG-generated strata deformation time-series produced by the client-side Strata Event Simulator. | 16-node convergence scenarios • Progressive subsidence events |
| DEMO | DEMO SYNTHETIC | Static fixtures, panel boundaries, and shift records modeled to demonstrate colliery operations. | Bhowra-West demo mine profile • Panels P-101 to P-104 • Form IV preview |
| EXTERNAL / BENCHMARK | EXTERNAL InSAR | Empirical mathematical curves, cadastral reference coordinates, or statutory threshold standards. | CMPDI empirical subsidence trough profile • DGMS CMR 112 thresholds |
3. Open-Source Dependencies & Licensing Transparency
| Package / Library | Version | License | Role in MINE GUARD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Next.js | 16.3.5 | MIT | Full-stack React framework with App Router & Route Handlers |
| React & React DOM | 19.2.8 | MIT | Component rendering and client state management |
| Lucide React | 1.47.0 | ISC | Industrial iconography and UI status glyphs |
| Tailwind CSS | 4.0.0 | MIT | Utility-first styling conforming to industrial color tokens |
| @supabase/supabase-js | 2.116.0 | Apache 2.0 | PostgreSQL persistence client with Row-Level Security |
| Zustand | 5.0.15 | MIT | High-performance reactive state store for simulation & alerts |
| IBM Plex Sans & Mono | Google Fonts | SIL OFL 1.1 | Self-hosted industrial typography bundled at build time |
4. Hardware Bill of Materials (BOM) & Cost Analysis
Commercial underground monitoring stations imported from overseas cost between ₹1,50,000 to ₹4,50,000 per station. MINE GUARD achieves an open-architecture fabricated unit cost of ₹4,850 (~$58 USD):
| Subsystem | Component Selection | Cost (INR) | Cost (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Processing & LoRa RF | ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 (16MB Flash) + Semtech SX1262 (IN865) | ₹ 1,180 | $ 14.20 |
| Transducers & 24-Bit ADC | BNO085 0.01° Inclinometer + TI ADS1220 24-bit ADC + Piezo | ₹ 1,420 | $ 17.10 |
| Power Conditioning | 3.2V 3200mAh LiFePO4 cell + TI TPS7A2533 Ultra-low noise LDO | ₹ 680 | $ 8.20 |
| Enclosure & Mount | IP68 Die-cast enclosure + SS304 22mm rockbolt bracket clamp | ₹ 1,150 | $ 13.85 |
| PCB & Hardware Glands | 4-Layer FR4 1.6mm PCB + M12 IP68 brass cable glands | ₹ 420 | $ 5.05 |
| Total Fabricated Unit Production Cost | ₹ 4,850 | $ 58.40 | |
5. Statutory References & Technical Citations
- DGMS CMR 2017 Regulation 112: Strata Control and Monitoring Plan (SCAMP) statutory guidelines for underground coal workings.
- DGMS Technical Circular (Coal) No. 04 of 2017: Instrumental monitoring of strata behavior in depillaring panels.
- IS/IEC 60079-11: Explosive atmospheres — Equipment protection by intrinsic safety 'i' standard.
- CMPDI Subsidence Prediction Guidelines: Empirical angle of draw (32°) and trough profile parameters for Jharia Coalfield Barakar measures.